Chapter 82 The Kidney and Ureter

Complete absence of one kidney occurs in 1 in 3000 live births The other formed kidney is usually hypertrophic. Ectopic kidney occurs when the mature kidney fails to reach its normal location in the lumbar region. Horseshoe kidney is the most common renal fusion anomaly, occurring in about1 in 400 live births with a male predominance. Multicystic dysplastic kidney is the second most common cause of an abdominal mass in newborns after hydronephrosis due to pelviureteric junction obstruction. Duplication of the ureter and renal pelvis is a common anomaly, with an incidence of approximately 1 in 150 births. Unilateral duplication is six times more common than bilateral. An ectopic ureter is one that drains to regions other than the bladder. Ureterocele is a cystic enlargement of the intramural ureter which probably occurs as a result of atresia of the ureteric orifice. Renal cysts can be broadly classified into sporadic, acquired and genetic causes.

Advanced Learning Content
Chapter 82: The Kidney and Ureter
Multiple Choice Questions
Weblinks

Journal articles

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0302283819306141/ (paid)

Medical expulsive therapy with selective a-blockers is recommended for distal ureteric stones between 5 and 10 mm as the initial modality. The quality of evidence for this recommendation is low.

https://www.auajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1016/j.juro.2016.09.160/ (paid)

Bosniak classification of renal cysts. The original Bosniak classification was proposed in 1986. It has been subsequently modified to be better subcategorised for more accuracy to differentiate between benign and malignant disease.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2923385/ (free)

Shock wave lithotripsy is the only completely non-invasive treatment for renal stone disease. Proper patient selection and treatment with low intensity and frequency can improve efficacy and reduce complications.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41585-019-0271-6/ (paid)

Treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. There are now significant advances in the treatment of locally advanced and metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Novel approaches involving tyrosine kinase inhibitor and checkpoint inhibitors provide survival benefits.

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